def get_urls(self):
        from django.conf.urls import url, include
        # Since this module gets imported in the application's root package,
        # it cannot import models from other applications at the module level,
        # and django.contrib.contenttypes.views imports ContentType.
        from django.contrib.contenttypes import views as contenttype_views

        def wrap(view, cacheable=False):
            def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                return self.admin_view(view, cacheable)(*args, **kwargs)
            wrapper.admin_site = self
            return update_wrapper(wrapper, view)

        # Admin-site-wide views.
        urlpatterns = [
            url(r'^$', wrap(self.index), name='index'),
            url(r'^login/$', self.login, name='login'),
            url(r'^logout/$', wrap(self.logout), name='logout'),
            url(r'^password_change/$', wrap(self.password_change, cacheable=True), name='password_change'),
            url(r'^password_change/done/$', wrap(self.password_change_done, cacheable=True),
                name='password_change_done'),
            url(r'^jsi18n/$', wrap(self.i18n_javascript, cacheable=True), name='jsi18n'),
            url(r'^r/(?P<content_type_id>\d+)/(?P<object_id>.+)/$', wrap(contenttype_views.shortcut),
                name='view_on_site'),
        ]

        # Add in each model's views, and create a list of valid URLS for the
        # app_index
        valid_app_labels = []
        for model, model_admin in self._registry.items():
            urlpatterns += [
                url(r'^%s/%s/' % (model._meta.app_label, model._meta.model_name), include(model_admin.urls)),
            ]
            if model._meta.app_label not in valid_app_labels:
                valid_app_labels.append(model._meta.app_label)

        # If there were ModelAdmins registered, we should have a list of app
        # labels for which we need to allow access to the app_index view,
        if valid_app_labels:
            regex = r'^(?P<app_label>' + '|'.join(valid_app_labels) + ')/$'
            urlpatterns += [
                url(regex, wrap(self.app_index), name='app_list'),
            ]
        return urlpatterns

    def register(self, model_or_iterable, admin_class=None, **options):
        """
        Registers the given model(s) with the given admin class.

        The model(s) should be Model classes, not instances.

        If an admin class isn't given, it will use ModelAdmin (the default
        admin options). If keyword arguments are given -- e.g., list_display --
        they'll be applied as options to the admin class.

        If a model is already registered, this will raise AlreadyRegistered.

        If a model is abstract, this will raise ImproperlyConfigured.
        """
        if not admin_class:
            admin_class = ModelAdmin

        if isinstance(model_or_iterable, ModelBase):
            model_or_iterable = [model_or_iterable]
        for model in model_or_iterable:
            if model._meta.abstract:
                raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                    'The model %s is abstract, so it cannot be registered with admin.' % model.__name__
                )

            if model in self._registry:
                raise AlreadyRegistered('The model %s is already registered' % model.__name__)

            # Ignore the registration if the model has been
            # swapped out.
            if not model._meta.swapped:
                # If we got **options then dynamically construct a subclass of
                # admin_class with those **options.
                if options:
                    # For reasons I don't quite understand, without a __module__
                    # the created class appears to "live" in the wrong place,
                    # which causes issues later on.
                    options['__module__'] = __name__
                    admin_class = type("%sAdmin" % model.__name__, (admin_class,), options)

                # Instantiate the admin class to save in the registry
                self._registry[model] = admin_class(model, self)

class ModelAdmin(BaseModelAdmin):
    "Encapsulates all admin options and functionality for a given model."

    list_display = ('__str__',)
    list_display_links = ()
    list_filter = ()
    list_select_related = False
    list_per_page = 100
    list_max_show_all = 200
    list_editable = ()
    search_fields = ()
    date_hierarchy = None
    save_as = False
    save_as_continue = True
    save_on_top = False
    paginator = Paginator
    preserve_filters = True
    inlines = []

    # Custom templates (designed to be over-ridden in subclasses)
    add_form_template = None
    change_form_template = None
    change_list_template = None
    delete_confirmation_template = None
    delete_selected_confirmation_template = None
    object_history_template = None
    popup_response_template = None

    # Actions
    actions = []
    action_form = helpers.ActionForm
    actions_on_top = True
    actions_on_bottom = False
    actions_selection_counter = True
    checks_class = ModelAdminChecks

    def __init__(self, model, admin_site):
        self.model = model
        self.opts = model._meta
        self.admin_site = admin_site
        super(ModelAdmin, self).__init__()

    def __str__(self):
        return "%s.%s" % (self.model._meta.app_label, self.__class__.__name__)

    def get_inline_instances(self, request, obj=None):
        inline_instances = []
        for inline_class in self.inlines:
            inline = inline_class(self.model, self.admin_site)
            if request:
                if not (inline.has_add_permission(request) or
                        inline.has_change_permission(request, obj) or
                        inline.has_delete_permission(request, obj)):
                    continue
                if not inline.has_add_permission(request):
                    inline.max_num = 0
            inline_instances.append(inline)

        return inline_instances

    def get_urls(self):
        from django.conf.urls import url

        def wrap(view):
            def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                return self.admin_site.admin_view(view)(*args, **kwargs)
            wrapper.model_admin = self
            return update_wrapper(wrapper, view)

        info = self.model._meta.app_label, self.model._meta.model_name

        urlpatterns = [
            url(r'^$', wrap(self.changelist_view), name='%s_%s_changelist' % info),
            url(r'^add/$', wrap(self.add_view), name='%s_%s_add' % info),
            url(r'^(.+)/history/$', wrap(self.history_view), name='%s_%s_history' % info),
            url(r'^(.+)/delete/$', wrap(self.delete_view), name='%s_%s_delete' % info),
            url(r'^(.+)/change/$', wrap(self.change_view), name='%s_%s_change' % info),
            # For backwards compatibility (was the change url before 1.9)
            url(r'^(.+)/$', wrap(RedirectView.as_view(
                pattern_name='%s:%s_%s_change' % ((self.admin_site.name,) + info)
            ))),
        ]
        return urlpatterns

    @property
    def urls(self):
        return self.get_urls()

    @property
    def media(self):
        extra = '' if settings.DEBUG else '.min'
        js = [
            'core.js',
            'vendor/jquery/jquery%s.js' % extra,
            'jquery.init.js',
            'admin/RelatedObjectLookups.js',
            'actions%s.js' % extra,
            'urlify.js',
            'prepopulate%s.js' % extra,
            'vendor/xregexp/xregexp%s.js' % extra,
        ]
        return forms.Media(js=['admin/js/%s' % url for url in js])

    def get_model_perms(self, request):
        """
        Returns a dict of all perms for this model. This dict has the keys
        ``add``, ``change``, and ``delete`` mapping to the True/False for each
        of those actions.
        """
        return {
            'add': self.has_add_permission(request),
            'change': self.has_change_permission(request),
            'delete': self.has_delete_permission(request),
        }

    def get_fields(self, request, obj=None):
        if self.fields:
            return self.fields
        form = self.get_form(request, obj, fields=None)
        return list(form.base_fields) + list(self.get_readonly_fields(request, obj))

    def get_form(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns a Form class for use in the admin add view. This is used by
        add_view and change_view.
        """
        if 'fields' in kwargs:
            fields = kwargs.pop('fields')
        else:
            fields = flatten_fieldsets(self.get_fieldsets(request, obj))
        excluded = self.get_exclude(request, obj)
        exclude = [] if excluded is None else list(excluded)
        readonly_fields = self.get_readonly_fields(request, obj)
        exclude.extend(readonly_fields)
        if excluded is None and hasattr(self.form, '_meta') and self.form._meta.exclude:
            # Take the custom ModelForm's Meta.exclude into account only if the
            # ModelAdmin doesn't define its own.
            exclude.extend(self.form._meta.exclude)
        # if exclude is an empty list we pass None to be consistent with the
        # default on modelform_factory
        exclude = exclude or None

        # Remove declared form fields which are in readonly_fields.
        new_attrs = OrderedDict(
            (f, None) for f in readonly_fields
            if f in self.form.declared_fields
        )
        form = type(self.form.__name__, (self.form,), new_attrs)

        defaults = {
            "form": form,
            "fields": fields,
            "exclude": exclude,
            "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
        }
        defaults.update(kwargs)

        if defaults['fields'] is None and not modelform_defines_fields(defaults['form']):
            defaults['fields'] = forms.ALL_FIELDS

        try:
            return modelform_factory(self.model, **defaults)
        except FieldError as e:
            raise FieldError(
                '%s. Check fields/fieldsets/exclude attributes of class %s.'
                % (e, self.__class__.__name__)
            )

    def get_changelist(self, request, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns the ChangeList class for use on the changelist page.
        """
        from django.contrib.admin.views.main import ChangeList
        return ChangeList

    def get_object(self, request, object_id, from_field=None):
        """
        Returns an instance matching the field and value provided, the primary
        key is used if no field is provided. Returns ``None`` if no match is
        found or the object_id fails validation.
        """
        queryset = self.get_queryset(request)
        model = queryset.model
        field = model._meta.pk if from_field is None else model._meta.get_field(from_field)
        try:
            object_id = field.to_python(object_id)
            return queryset.get(**{field.name: object_id})
        except (model.DoesNotExist, ValidationError, ValueError):
            return None

    def get_changelist_form(self, request, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns a Form class for use in the Formset on the changelist page.
        """
        defaults = {
            "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
        }
        defaults.update(kwargs)
        if defaults.get('fields') is None and not modelform_defines_fields(defaults.get('form')):
            defaults['fields'] = forms.ALL_FIELDS

        return modelform_factory(self.model, **defaults)

    def get_changelist_formset(self, request, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns a FormSet class for use on the changelist page if list_editable
        is used.
        """
        defaults = {
            "formfield_callback": partial(self.formfield_for_dbfield, request=request),
        }
        defaults.update(kwargs)
        return modelformset_factory(
            self.model, self.get_changelist_form(request), extra=0,
            fields=self.list_editable, **defaults
        )

    def get_formsets_with_inlines(self, request, obj=None):
        """
        Yields formsets and the corresponding inlines.
        """
        for inline in self.get_inline_instances(request, obj):
            yield inline.get_formset(request, obj), inline

    def get_paginator(self, request, queryset, per_page, orphans=0, allow_empty_first_page=True):
        return self.paginator(queryset, per_page, orphans, allow_empty_first_page)

    def log_addition(self, request, object, message):
        """
        Log that an object has been successfully added.

        The default implementation creates an admin LogEntry object.
        """
        from django.contrib.admin.models import LogEntry, ADDITION
        return LogEntry.objects.log_action(
            user_id=request.user.pk,
            content_type_id=get_content_type_for_model(object).pk,
            object_id=object.pk,
            object_repr=force_text(object),
            action_flag=ADDITION,
            change_message=message,
        )

    def log_change(self, request, object, message):
        """
        Log that an object has been successfully changed.

        The default implementation creates an admin LogEntry object.
        """
        from django.contrib.admin.models import LogEntry, CHANGE
        return LogEntry.objects.log_action(
            user_id=request.user.pk,
            content_type_id=get_content_type_for_model(object).pk,
            object_id=object.pk,
            object_repr=force_text(object),
            action_flag=CHANGE,
            change_message=message,
        )

    def log_deletion(self, request, object, object_repr):
        """
        Log that an object will be deleted. Note that this method must be
        called before the deletion.

        The default implementation creates an admin LogEntry object.
        """
        from django.contrib.admin.models import LogEntry, DELETION
        return LogEntry.objects.log_action(
            user_id=request.user.pk,
            content_type_id=get_content_type_for_model(object).pk,
            object_id=object.pk,
            object_repr=object_repr,
            action_flag=DELETION,
        )

    def action_checkbox(self, obj):
        """
        A list_display column containing a checkbox widget.
        """
        return helpers.checkbox.render(helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME, force_text(obj.pk))
    action_checkbox.short_description = mark_safe('<input type="checkbox" id="action-toggle" />')

    def get_actions(self, request):
        """
        Return a dictionary mapping the names of all actions for this
        ModelAdmin to a tuple of (callable, name, description) for each action.
        """
        # If self.actions is explicitly set to None that means that we don't
        # want *any* actions enabled on this page.
        if self.actions is None or IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET:
            return OrderedDict()

        actions = []

        # Gather actions from the admin site first
        for (name, func) in self.admin_site.actions:
            description = getattr(func, 'short_description', name.replace('_', ' '))
            actions.append((func, name, description))

        # Then gather them from the model admin and all parent classes,
        # starting with self and working back up.
        for klass in self.__class__.mro()[::-1]:
            class_actions = getattr(klass, 'actions', [])
            # Avoid trying to iterate over None
            if not class_actions:
                continue
            actions.extend(self.get_action(action) for action in class_actions)

        # get_action might have returned None, so filter any of those out.
        actions = filter(None, actions)

        # Convert the actions into an OrderedDict keyed by name.
        actions = OrderedDict(
            (name, (func, name, desc))
            for func, name, desc in actions
        )

        return actions

    def get_action_choices(self, request, default_choices=BLANK_CHOICE_DASH):
        """
        Return a list of choices for use in a form object.  Each choice is a
        tuple (name, description).
        """
        choices = [] + default_choices
        for func, name, description in six.itervalues(self.get_actions(request)):
            choice = (name, description % model_format_dict(self.opts))
            choices.append(choice)
        return choices

    def get_action(self, action):
        """
        Return a given action from a parameter, which can either be a callable,
        or the name of a method on the ModelAdmin.  Return is a tuple of
        (callable, name, description).
        """
        # If the action is a callable, just use it.
        if callable(action):
            func = action
            action = action.__name__

        # Next, look for a method. Grab it off self.__class__ to get an unbound
        # method instead of a bound one; this ensures that the calling
        # conventions are the same for functions and methods.
        elif hasattr(self.__class__, action):
            func = getattr(self.__class__, action)

        # Finally, look for a named method on the admin site
        else:
            try:
                func = self.admin_site.get_action(action)
            except KeyError:
                return None

        if hasattr(func, 'short_description'):
            description = func.short_description
        else:
            description = capfirst(action.replace('_', ' '))
        return func, action, description

    def get_list_display(self, request):
        """
        Return a sequence containing the fields to be displayed on the
        changelist.
        """
        return self.list_display

    def get_list_display_links(self, request, list_display):
        """
        Return a sequence containing the fields to be displayed as links
        on the changelist. The list_display parameter is the list of fields
        returned by get_list_display().
        """
        if self.list_display_links or self.list_display_links is None or not list_display:
            return self.list_display_links
        else:
            # Use only the first item in list_display as link
            return list(list_display)[:1]

    def get_list_filter(self, request):
        """
        Returns a sequence containing the fields to be displayed as filters in
        the right sidebar of the changelist page.
        """
        return self.list_filter

    def get_list_select_related(self, request):
        """
        Returns a list of fields to add to the select_related() part of the
        changelist items query.
        """
        return self.list_select_related

    def get_search_fields(self, request):
        """
        Returns a sequence containing the fields to be searched whenever
        somebody submits a search query.
        """
        return self.search_fields

    def get_search_results(self, request, queryset, search_term):
        """
        Returns a tuple containing a queryset to implement the search,
        and a boolean indicating if the results may contain duplicates.
        """
        # Apply keyword searches.
        def construct_search(field_name):
            if field_name.startswith('^'):
                return "%s__istartswith" % field_name[1:]
            elif field_name.startswith('='):
                return "%s__iexact" % field_name[1:]
            elif field_name.startswith('@'):
                return "%s__search" % field_name[1:]
            else:
                return "%s__icontains" % field_name

        use_distinct = False
        search_fields = self.get_search_fields(request)
        if search_fields and search_term:
            orm_lookups = [construct_search(str(search_field))
                           for search_field in search_fields]
            for bit in search_term.split():
                or_queries = [models.Q(**{orm_lookup: bit})
                              for orm_lookup in orm_lookups]
                queryset = queryset.filter(reduce(operator.or_, or_queries))
            if not use_distinct:
                for search_spec in orm_lookups:
                    if lookup_needs_distinct(self.opts, search_spec):
                        use_distinct = True
                        break

        return queryset, use_distinct

    def get_preserved_filters(self, request):
        """
        Returns the preserved filters querystring.
        """
        match = request.resolver_match
        if self.preserve_filters and match:
            opts = self.model._meta
            current_url = '%s:%s' % (match.app_name, match.url_name)
            changelist_url = 'admin:%s_%s_changelist' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name)
            if current_url == changelist_url:
                preserved_filters = request.GET.urlencode()
            else:
                preserved_filters = request.GET.get('_changelist_filters')

            if preserved_filters:
                return urlencode({'_changelist_filters': preserved_filters})
        return ''

    def construct_change_message(self, request, form, formsets, add=False):
        """
        Construct a JSON structure describing changes from a changed object.
        """
        return construct_change_message(form, formsets, add)

    def message_user(self, request, message, level=messages.INFO, extra_tags='',
                     fail_silently=False):
        """
        Send a message to the user. The default implementation
        posts a message using the django.contrib.messages backend.

        Exposes almost the same API as messages.add_message(), but accepts the
        positional arguments in a different order to maintain backwards
        compatibility. For convenience, it accepts the `level` argument as
        a string rather than the usual level number.
        """
        if not isinstance(level, int):
            # attempt to get the level if passed a string
            try:
                level = getattr(messages.constants, level.upper())
            except AttributeError:
                levels = messages.constants.DEFAULT_TAGS.values()
                levels_repr = ', '.join('`%s`' % l for l in levels)
                raise ValueError(
                    'Bad message level string: `%s`. Possible values are: %s'
                    % (level, levels_repr)
                )

        messages.add_message(request, level, message, extra_tags=extra_tags, fail_silently=fail_silently)

    def save_form(self, request, form, change):
        """
        Given a ModelForm return an unsaved instance. ``change`` is True if
        the object is being changed, and False if it's being added.
        """
        return form.save(commit=False)

    def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):
        """
        Given a model instance save it to the database.
        """
        obj.save()

    def delete_model(self, request, obj):
        """
        Given a model instance delete it from the database.
        """
        obj.delete()

    def save_formset(self, request, form, formset, change):
        """
        Given an inline formset save it to the database.
        """
        formset.save()

    def save_related(self, request, form, formsets, change):
        """
        Given the ``HttpRequest``, the parent ``ModelForm`` instance, the
        list of inline formsets and a boolean value based on whether the
        parent is being added or changed, save the related objects to the
        database. Note that at this point save_form() and save_model() have
        already been called.
        """
        form.save_m2m()
        for formset in formsets:
            self.save_formset(request, form, formset, change=change)

    def render_change_form(self, request, context, add=False, change=False, form_url='', obj=None):
        opts = self.model._meta
        app_label = opts.app_label
        preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
        form_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, form_url)
        view_on_site_url = self.get_view_on_site_url(obj)
        context.update({
            'add': add,
            'change': change,
            'has_add_permission': self.has_add_permission(request),
            'has_change_permission': self.has_change_permission(request, obj),
            'has_delete_permission': self.has_delete_permission(request, obj),
            'has_file_field': True,  # FIXME - this should check if form or formsets have a FileField,
            'has_absolute_url': view_on_site_url is not None,
            'absolute_url': view_on_site_url,
            'form_url': form_url,
            'opts': opts,
            'content_type_id': get_content_type_for_model(self.model).pk,
            'save_as': self.save_as,
            'save_on_top': self.save_on_top,
            'to_field_var': TO_FIELD_VAR,
            'is_popup_var': IS_POPUP_VAR,
            'app_label': app_label,
        })
        if add and self.add_form_template is not None:
            form_template = self.add_form_template
        else:
            form_template = self.change_form_template

        request.current_app = self.admin_site.name

        return TemplateResponse(request, form_template or [
            "admin/%s/%s/change_form.html" % (app_label, opts.model_name),
            "admin/%s/change_form.html" % app_label,
            "admin/change_form.html"
        ], context)

    def response_add(self, request, obj, post_url_continue=None):
        """
        Determines the HttpResponse for the add_view stage.
        """
        opts = obj._meta
        pk_value = obj._get_pk_val()
        preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
        obj_url = reverse(
            'admin:%s_%s_change' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
            args=(quote(pk_value),),
            current_app=self.admin_site.name,
        )
        # Add a link to the object's change form if the user can edit the obj.
        if self.has_change_permission(request, obj):
            obj_repr = format_html('<a href="{}">{}</a>', urlquote(obj_url), obj)
        else:
            obj_repr = force_text(obj)
        msg_dict = {
            'name': force_text(opts.verbose_name),
            'obj': obj_repr,
        }
        # Here, we distinguish between different save types by checking for
        # the presence of keys in request.POST.

        if IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST:
            to_field = request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR)
            if to_field:
                attr = str(to_field)
            else:
                attr = obj._meta.pk.attname
            value = obj.serializable_value(attr)
            popup_response_data = json.dumps({
                'value': six.text_type(value),
                'obj': six.text_type(obj),
            })
            return TemplateResponse(request, self.popup_response_template or [
                'admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                'admin/%s/popup_response.html' % opts.app_label,
                'admin/popup_response.html',
            ], {
                'popup_response_data': popup_response_data,
            })

        elif "_continue" in request.POST or (
                # Redirecting after "Save as new".
                "_saveasnew" in request.POST and self.save_as_continue and
                self.has_change_permission(request, obj)
        ):
            msg = format_html(
                _('The {name} "{obj}" was added successfully. You may edit it again below.'),
                **msg_dict
            )
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            if post_url_continue is None:
                post_url_continue = obj_url
            post_url_continue = add_preserved_filters(
                {'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts},
                post_url_continue
            )
            return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url_continue)

        elif "_addanother" in request.POST:
            msg = format_html(
                _('The {name} "{obj}" was added successfully. You may add another {name} below.'),
                **msg_dict
            )
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            redirect_url = request.path
            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url)
            return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)

        else:
            msg = format_html(
                _('The {name} "{obj}" was added successfully.'),
                **msg_dict
            )
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            return self.response_post_save_add(request, obj)

    def response_change(self, request, obj):
        """
        Determines the HttpResponse for the change_view stage.
        """

        if IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST:
            opts = obj._meta
            to_field = request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR)
            attr = str(to_field) if to_field else opts.pk.attname
            # Retrieve the `object_id` from the resolved pattern arguments.
            value = request.resolver_match.args[0]
            new_value = obj.serializable_value(attr)
            popup_response_data = json.dumps({
                'action': 'change',
                'value': six.text_type(value),
                'obj': six.text_type(obj),
                'new_value': six.text_type(new_value),
            })
            return TemplateResponse(request, self.popup_response_template or [
                'admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                'admin/%s/popup_response.html' % opts.app_label,
                'admin/popup_response.html',
            ], {
                'popup_response_data': popup_response_data,
            })

        opts = self.model._meta
        pk_value = obj._get_pk_val()
        preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)

        msg_dict = {
            'name': force_text(opts.verbose_name),
            'obj': format_html('<a href="{}">{}</a>', urlquote(request.path), obj),
        }
        if "_continue" in request.POST:
            msg = format_html(
                _('The {name} "{obj}" was changed successfully. You may edit it again below.'),
                **msg_dict
            )
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            redirect_url = request.path
            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url)
            return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)

        elif "_saveasnew" in request.POST:
            msg = format_html(
                _('The {name} "{obj}" was added successfully. You may edit it again below.'),
                **msg_dict
            )
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            redirect_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_change' %
                                   (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                                   args=(pk_value,),
                                   current_app=self.admin_site.name)
            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url)
            return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)

        elif "_addanother" in request.POST:
            msg = format_html(
                _('The {name} "{obj}" was changed successfully. You may add another {name} below.'),
                **msg_dict
            )
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            redirect_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_add' %
                                   (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                                   current_app=self.admin_site.name)
            redirect_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, redirect_url)
            return HttpResponseRedirect(redirect_url)

        else:
            msg = format_html(
                _('The {name} "{obj}" was changed successfully.'),
                **msg_dict
            )
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)
            return self.response_post_save_change(request, obj)

    def response_post_save_add(self, request, obj):
        """
        Figure out where to redirect after the 'Save' button has been pressed
        when adding a new object.
        """
        opts = self.model._meta
        if self.has_change_permission(request, None):
            post_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_changelist' %
                               (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
            preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
            post_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url)
        else:
            post_url = reverse('admin:index',
                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
        return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url)

    def response_post_save_change(self, request, obj):
        """
        Figure out where to redirect after the 'Save' button has been pressed
        when editing an existing object.
        """
        opts = self.model._meta

        if self.has_change_permission(request, None):
            post_url = reverse('admin:%s_%s_changelist' %
                               (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
            preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
            post_url = add_preserved_filters({'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url)
        else:
            post_url = reverse('admin:index',
                               current_app=self.admin_site.name)
        return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url)

    def response_action(self, request, queryset):
        """
        Handle an admin action. This is called if a request is POSTed to the
        changelist; it returns an HttpResponse if the action was handled, and
        None otherwise.
        """

        # There can be multiple action forms on the page (at the top
        # and bottom of the change list, for example). Get the action
        # whose button was pushed.
        try:
            action_index = int(request.POST.get('index', 0))
        except ValueError:
            action_index = 0

        # Construct the action form.
        data = request.POST.copy()
        data.pop(helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME, None)
        data.pop("index", None)

        # Use the action whose button was pushed
        try:
            data.update({'action': data.getlist('action')[action_index]})
        except IndexError:
            # If we didn't get an action from the chosen form that's invalid
            # POST data, so by deleting action it'll fail the validation check
            # below. So no need to do anything here
            pass

        action_form = self.action_form(data, auto_id=None)
        action_form.fields['action'].choices = self.get_action_choices(request)

        # If the form's valid we can handle the action.
        if action_form.is_valid():
            action = action_form.cleaned_data['action']
            select_across = action_form.cleaned_data['select_across']
            func = self.get_actions(request)[action][0]

            # Get the list of selected PKs. If nothing's selected, we can't
            # perform an action on it, so bail. Except we want to perform
            # the action explicitly on all objects.
            selected = request.POST.getlist(helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME)
            if not selected and not select_across:
                # Reminder that something needs to be selected or nothing will happen
                msg = _("Items must be selected in order to perform "
                        "actions on them. No items have been changed.")
                self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING)
                return None

            if not select_across:
                # Perform the action only on the selected objects
                queryset = queryset.filter(pk__in=selected)

            response = func(self, request, queryset)

            # Actions may return an HttpResponse-like object, which will be
            # used as the response from the POST. If not, we'll be a good
            # little HTTP citizen and redirect back to the changelist page.
            if isinstance(response, HttpResponseBase):
                return response
            else:
                return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())
        else:
            msg = _("No action selected.")
            self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING)
            return None

    def response_delete(self, request, obj_display, obj_id):
        """
        Determines the HttpResponse for the delete_view stage.
        """

        opts = self.model._meta

        if IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST:
            popup_response_data = json.dumps({
                'action': 'delete',
                'value': str(obj_id),
            })
            return TemplateResponse(request, self.popup_response_template or [
                'admin/%s/%s/popup_response.html' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                'admin/%s/popup_response.html' % opts.app_label,
                'admin/popup_response.html',
            ], {
                'popup_response_data': popup_response_data,
            })

        self.message_user(
            request,
            _('The %(name)s "%(obj)s" was deleted successfully.') % {
                'name': force_text(opts.verbose_name),
                'obj': force_text(obj_display),
            },
            messages.SUCCESS,
        )

        if self.has_change_permission(request, None):
            post_url = reverse(
                'admin:%s_%s_changelist' % (opts.app_label, opts.model_name),
                current_app=self.admin_site.name,
            )
            preserved_filters = self.get_preserved_filters(request)
            post_url = add_preserved_filters(
                {'preserved_filters': preserved_filters, 'opts': opts}, post_url
            )
        else:
            post_url = reverse('admin:index', current_app=self.admin_site.name)
        return HttpResponseRedirect(post_url)

    def render_delete_form(self, request, context):
        opts = self.model._meta
        app_label = opts.app_label

        request.current_app = self.admin_site.name
        context.update(
            to_field_var=TO_FIELD_VAR,
            is_popup_var=IS_POPUP_VAR,
            media=self.media,
        )

        return TemplateResponse(
            request,
            self.delete_confirmation_template or [
                "admin/{}/{}/delete_confirmation.html".format(app_label, opts.model_name),
                "admin/{}/delete_confirmation.html".format(app_label),
                "admin/delete_confirmation.html",
            ],
            context,
        )

    def get_inline_formsets(self, request, formsets, inline_instances, obj=None):
        inline_admin_formsets = []
        for inline, formset in zip(inline_instances, formsets):
            fieldsets = list(inline.get_fieldsets(request, obj))
            readonly = list(inline.get_readonly_fields(request, obj))
            prepopulated = dict(inline.get_prepopulated_fields(request, obj))
            inline_admin_formset = helpers.InlineAdminFormSet(
                inline, formset, fieldsets, prepopulated, readonly,
                model_admin=self,
            )
            inline_admin_formsets.append(inline_admin_formset)
        return inline_admin_formsets

    def get_changeform_initial_data(self, request):
        """
        Get the initial form data.
        Unless overridden, this populates from the GET params.
        """
        initial = dict(request.GET.items())
        for k in initial:
            try:
                f = self.model._meta.get_field(k)
            except FieldDoesNotExist:
                continue
            # We have to special-case M2Ms as a list of comma-separated PKs.
            if isinstance(f, models.ManyToManyField):
                initial[k] = initial[k].split(",")
        return initial

    def _get_obj_does_not_exist_redirect(self, request, opts, object_id):
        """
        Create a message informing the user that the object doesn't exist
        and return a redirect to the admin index page.
        """
        msg = _("""%(name)s with ID "%(key)s" doesn't exist. Perhaps it was deleted?""") % {
            'name': force_text(opts.verbose_name),
            'key': unquote(object_id),
        }
        self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING)
        url = reverse('admin:index', current_app=self.admin_site.name)
        return HttpResponseRedirect(url)

    @csrf_protect_m
    def changeform_view(self, request, object_id=None, form_url='', extra_context=None):
        with transaction.atomic(using=router.db_for_write(self.model)):
            return self._changeform_view(request, object_id, form_url, extra_context)

    def _changeform_view(self, request, object_id, form_url, extra_context):
        to_field = request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR, request.GET.get(TO_FIELD_VAR))
        if to_field and not self.to_field_allowed(request, to_field):
            raise DisallowedModelAdminToField("The field %s cannot be referenced." % to_field)

        model = self.model
        opts = model._meta

        if request.method == 'POST' and '_saveasnew' in request.POST:
            object_id = None

        add = object_id is None

        if add:
            if not self.has_add_permission(request):
                raise PermissionDenied
            obj = None

        else:
            obj = self.get_object(request, unquote(object_id), to_field)

            if not self.has_change_permission(request, obj):
                raise PermissionDenied

            if obj is None:
                return self._get_obj_does_not_exist_redirect(request, opts, object_id)

        ModelForm = self.get_form(request, obj)
        if request.method == 'POST':
            form = ModelForm(request.POST, request.FILES, instance=obj)
            if form.is_valid():
                form_validated = True
                new_object = self.save_form(request, form, change=not add)
            else:
                form_validated = False
                new_object = form.instance
            formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(request, new_object, change=not add)
            if all_valid(formsets) and form_validated:
                self.save_model(request, new_object, form, not add)
                self.save_related(request, form, formsets, not add)
                change_message = self.construct_change_message(request, form, formsets, add)
                if add:
                    self.log_addition(request, new_object, change_message)
                    return self.response_add(request, new_object)
                else:
                    self.log_change(request, new_object, change_message)
                    return self.response_change(request, new_object)
            else:
                form_validated = False
        else:
            if add:
                initial = self.get_changeform_initial_data(request)
                form = ModelForm(initial=initial)
                formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(request, form.instance, change=False)
            else:
                form = ModelForm(instance=obj)
                formsets, inline_instances = self._create_formsets(request, obj, change=True)

        adminForm = helpers.AdminForm(
            form,
            list(self.get_fieldsets(request, obj)),
            self.get_prepopulated_fields(request, obj),
            self.get_readonly_fields(request, obj),
            model_admin=self)
        media = self.media + adminForm.media

        inline_formsets = self.get_inline_formsets(request, formsets, inline_instances, obj)
        for inline_formset in inline_formsets:
            media = media + inline_formset.media

        context = dict(
            self.admin_site.each_context(request),
            title=(_('Add %s') if add else _('Change %s')) % force_text(opts.verbose_name),
            adminform=adminForm,
            object_id=object_id,
            original=obj,
            is_popup=(IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST or
                      IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET),
            to_field=to_field,
            media=media,
            inline_admin_formsets=inline_formsets,
            errors=helpers.AdminErrorList(form, formsets),
            preserved_filters=self.get_preserved_filters(request),
        )

        # Hide the "Save" and "Save and continue" buttons if "Save as New" was
        # previously chosen to prevent the interface from getting confusing.
        if request.method == 'POST' and not form_validated and "_saveasnew" in request.POST:
            context['show_save'] = False
            context['show_save_and_continue'] = False
            # Use the change template instead of the add template.
            add = False

        context.update(extra_context or {})

        return self.render_change_form(request, context, add=add, change=not add, obj=obj, form_url=form_url)

    def add_view(self, request, form_url='', extra_context=None):
        return self.changeform_view(request, None, form_url, extra_context)

    def change_view(self, request, object_id, form_url='', extra_context=None):
        return self.changeform_view(request, object_id, form_url, extra_context)

    @csrf_protect_m
    def changelist_view(self, request, extra_context=None):
        """
        The 'change list' admin view for this model.
        """
        from django.contrib.admin.views.main import ERROR_FLAG
        opts = self.model._meta
        app_label = opts.app_label
        if not self.has_change_permission(request, None):
            raise PermissionDenied

        list_display = self.get_list_display(request)
        list_display_links = self.get_list_display_links(request, list_display)
        list_filter = self.get_list_filter(request)
        search_fields = self.get_search_fields(request)
        list_select_related = self.get_list_select_related(request)

        # Check actions to see if any are available on this changelist
        actions = self.get_actions(request)
        if actions:
            # Add the action checkboxes if there are any actions available.
            list_display = ['action_checkbox'] + list(list_display)

        ChangeList = self.get_changelist(request)
        try:
            cl = ChangeList(
                request, self.model, list_display,
                list_display_links, list_filter, self.date_hierarchy,
                search_fields, list_select_related, self.list_per_page,
                self.list_max_show_all, self.list_editable, self,
            )
        except IncorrectLookupParameters:
            # Wacky lookup parameters were given, so redirect to the main
            # changelist page, without parameters, and pass an 'invalid=1'
            # parameter via the query string. If wacky parameters were given
            # and the 'invalid=1' parameter was already in the query string,
            # something is screwed up with the database, so display an error
            # page.
            if ERROR_FLAG in request.GET.keys():
                return SimpleTemplateResponse('admin/invalid_setup.html', {
                    'title': _('Database error'),
                })
            return HttpResponseRedirect(request.path + '?' + ERROR_FLAG + '=1')

        # If the request was POSTed, this might be a bulk action or a bulk
        # edit. Try to look up an action or confirmation first, but if this
        # isn't an action the POST will fall through to the bulk edit check,
        # below.
        action_failed = False
        selected = request.POST.getlist(helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME)

        # Actions with no confirmation
        if (actions and request.method == 'POST' and
                'index' in request.POST and '_save' not in request.POST):
            if selected:
                response = self.response_action(request, queryset=cl.get_queryset(request))
                if response:
                    return response
                else:
                    action_failed = True
            else:
                msg = _("Items must be selected in order to perform "
                        "actions on them. No items have been changed.")
                self.message_user(request, msg, messages.WARNING)
                action_failed = True

        # Actions with confirmation
        if (actions and request.method == 'POST' and
                helpers.ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME in request.POST and
                'index' not in request.POST and '_save' not in request.POST):
            if selected:
                response = self.response_action(request, queryset=cl.get_queryset(request))
                if response:
                    return response
                else:
                    action_failed = True

        if action_failed:
            # Redirect back to the changelist page to avoid resubmitting the
            # form if the user refreshes the browser or uses the "No, take
            # me back" button on the action confirmation page.
            return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())

        # If we're allowing changelist editing, we need to construct a formset
        # for the changelist given all the fields to be edited. Then we'll
        # use the formset to validate/process POSTed data.
        formset = cl.formset = None

        # Handle POSTed bulk-edit data.
        if request.method == 'POST' and cl.list_editable and '_save' in request.POST:
            FormSet = self.get_changelist_formset(request)
            formset = cl.formset = FormSet(request.POST, request.FILES, queryset=self.get_queryset(request))
            if formset.is_valid():
                changecount = 0
                for form in formset.forms:
                    if form.has_changed():
                        obj = self.save_form(request, form, change=True)
                        self.save_model(request, obj, form, change=True)
                        self.save_related(request, form, formsets=[], change=True)
                        change_msg = self.construct_change_message(request, form, None)
                        self.log_change(request, obj, change_msg)
                        changecount += 1

                if changecount:
                    if changecount == 1:
                        name = force_text(opts.verbose_name)
                    else:
                        name = force_text(opts.verbose_name_plural)
                    msg = ungettext(
                        "%(count)s %(name)s was changed successfully.",
                        "%(count)s %(name)s were changed successfully.",
                        changecount
                    ) % {
                        'count': changecount,
                        'name': name,
                        'obj': force_text(obj),
                    }
                    self.message_user(request, msg, messages.SUCCESS)

                return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())

        # Handle GET -- construct a formset for display.
        elif cl.list_editable:
            FormSet = self.get_changelist_formset(request)
            formset = cl.formset = FormSet(queryset=cl.result_list)

        # Build the list of media to be used by the formset.
        if formset:
            media = self.media + formset.media
        else:
            media = self.media

        # Build the action form and populate it with available actions.
        if actions:
            action_form = self.action_form(auto_id=None)
            action_form.fields['action'].choices = self.get_action_choices(request)
            media += action_form.media
        else:
            action_form = None

        selection_note_all = ungettext(
            '%(total_count)s selected',
            'All %(total_count)s selected',
            cl.result_count
        )

        context = dict(
            self.admin_site.each_context(request),
            module_name=force_text(opts.verbose_name_plural),
            selection_note=_('0 of %(cnt)s selected') % {'cnt': len(cl.result_list)},
            selection_note_all=selection_note_all % {'total_count': cl.result_count},
            title=cl.title,
            is_popup=cl.is_popup,
            to_field=cl.to_field,
            cl=cl,
            media=media,
            has_add_permission=self.has_add_permission(request),
            opts=cl.opts,
            action_form=action_form,
            actions_on_top=self.actions_on_top,
            actions_on_bottom=self.actions_on_bottom,
            actions_selection_counter=self.actions_selection_counter,
            preserved_filters=self.get_preserved_filters(request),
        )
        context.update(extra_context or {})

        request.current_app = self.admin_site.name

        return TemplateResponse(request, self.change_list_template or [
            'admin/%s/%s/change_list.html' % (app_label, opts.model_name),
            'admin/%s/change_list.html' % app_label,
            'admin/change_list.html'
        ], context)

    @csrf_protect_m
    def delete_view(self, request, object_id, extra_context=None):
        with transaction.atomic(using=router.db_for_write(self.model)):
            return self._delete_view(request, object_id, extra_context)

    def _delete_view(self, request, object_id, extra_context):
        "The 'delete' admin view for this model."
        opts = self.model._meta
        app_label = opts.app_label

        to_field = request.POST.get(TO_FIELD_VAR, request.GET.get(TO_FIELD_VAR))
        if to_field and not self.to_field_allowed(request, to_field):
            raise DisallowedModelAdminToField("The field %s cannot be referenced." % to_field)

        obj = self.get_object(request, unquote(object_id), to_field)

        if not self.has_delete_permission(request, obj):
            raise PermissionDenied

        if obj is None:
            return self._get_obj_does_not_exist_redirect(request, opts, object_id)

        using = router.db_for_write(self.model)

        # Populate deleted_objects, a data structure of all related objects that
        # will also be deleted.
        (deleted_objects, model_count, perms_needed, protected) = get_deleted_objects(
            [obj], opts, request.user, self.admin_site, using)

        if request.POST and not protected:  # The user has confirmed the deletion.
            if perms_needed:
                raise PermissionDenied
            obj_display = force_text(obj)
            attr = str(to_field) if to_field else opts.pk.attname
            obj_id = obj.serializable_value(attr)
            self.log_deletion(request, obj, obj_display)
            self.delete_model(request, obj)

            return self.response_delete(request, obj_display, obj_id)

        object_name = force_text(opts.verbose_name)

        if perms_needed or protected:
            title = _("Cannot delete %(name)s") % {"name": object_name}
        else:
            title = _("Are you sure?")

        context = dict(
            self.admin_site.each_context(request),
            title=title,
            object_name=object_name,
            object=obj,
            deleted_objects=deleted_objects,
            model_count=dict(model_count).items(),
            perms_lacking=perms_needed,
            protected=protected,
            opts=opts,
            app_label=app_label,
            preserved_filters=self.get_preserved_filters(request),
            is_popup=(IS_POPUP_VAR in request.POST or
                      IS_POPUP_VAR in request.GET),
            to_field=to_field,
        )
        context.update(extra_context or {})

        return self.render_delete_form(request, context)

    def history_view(self, request, object_id, extra_context=None):
        "The 'history' admin view for this model."
        from django.contrib.admin.models import LogEntry
        # First check if the user can see this history.
        model = self.model
        obj = self.get_object(request, unquote(object_id))
        if obj is None:
            return self._get_obj_does_not_exist_redirect(request, model._meta, object_id)

        if not self.has_change_permission(request, obj):
            raise PermissionDenied

        # Then get the history for this object.
        opts = model._meta
        app_label = opts.app_label
        action_list = LogEntry.objects.filter(
            object_id=unquote(object_id),
            content_type=get_content_type_for_model(model)
        ).select_related().order_by('action_time')

        context = dict(
            self.admin_site.each_context(request),
            title=_('Change history: %s') % force_text(obj),
            action_list=action_list,
            module_name=capfirst(force_text(opts.verbose_name_plural)),
            object=obj,
            opts=opts,
            preserved_filters=self.get_preserved_filters(request),
        )
        context.update(extra_context or {})

        request.current_app = self.admin_site.name

        return TemplateResponse(request, self.object_history_template or [
            "admin/%s/%s/object_history.html" % (app_label, opts.model_name),
            "admin/%s/object_history.html" % app_label,
            "admin/object_history.html"
        ], context)

    def _create_formsets(self, request, obj, change):
        "Helper function to generate formsets for add/change_view."
        formsets = []
        inline_instances = []
        prefixes = {}
        get_formsets_args = [request]
        if change:
            get_formsets_args.append(obj)
        for FormSet, inline in self.get_formsets_with_inlines(*get_formsets_args):
            prefix = FormSet.get_default_prefix()
            prefixes[prefix] = prefixes.get(prefix, 0) + 1
            if prefixes[prefix] != 1 or not prefix:
                prefix = "%s-%s" % (prefix, prefixes[prefix])
            formset_params = {
                'instance': obj,
                'prefix': prefix,
                'queryset': inline.get_queryset(request),
            }
            if request.method == 'POST':
                formset_params.update({
                    'data': request.POST.copy(),
                    'files': request.FILES,
                    'save_as_new': '_saveasnew' in request.POST
                })
            formsets.append(FormSet(**formset_params))
            inline_instances.append(inline)
        return formsets, inline_instances