成功的项目团队WinningProjectTeams

What makes a winning techical project team? A quick look at some of the factors which seem to be consistently present on winning project teams is appropriate. The degree of attention paid to each can have a distinct impact on the success of the project as well as elevating the confidence of the business client.

是什么造就了一个成功的专业项目团队？浏览一下成功的项目团队所固有的特点是很好的。对每个因素的重视程度对于项目的成功和评价业务客户的信任度将有很大的影响。

System Building Competence
系统建造能力

This is absolutely critical. The ability to succeed is established within the minds of the clients as well as the project team members in the early stages of the effort. An essential component of this perception is both the management ability, the technical skills, and the sense of direction possessed by the project leadership. Both the business clients and the team can detect fairly quickly if the project leaders have "what it takes" to take them to a final product. Without question this feeling has a tremendous impact on morale.

这是绝对关键的。成功的能力是在努力的早期阶段在客户的思想和项目团队成员中建立起来的。这个观点的本质在于管理能力和专业技术和由项目主管拥有的方向感上。业务客户和团队能够快速清楚的察觉项目主管是否有带领他们向最终目标前进的思想。毫无疑问这个感觉对士气是至关重要的。

Humphrey Watts in his book Managing the Software Process, describes a model for measuring the maturity of a software development organization. These ideas were further refined by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at Carnegie Mellon University. A brief summary of the maturity levels of the model (in terminology which will relate to some of the central themes of this white paper) are presented below:

Humphrey Watts在他的书《管理软件过程》中描述了一个衡量软件开发组织成熟度的模型。这些观点由Carnegie Mellon大学的软件工程组织作了进一步精炼。有关模型（有些术语与本文的一些要点有关）成熟层的简短概括如下：

Initial Level
初始层

A team or organization at this level tends to take a chaotic, ad-hoc, "invent as we go" approach toward every new systems building effort.
处于这层的团队和组织试图以一种混乱的，特别的，"如我们所想的"方法对待每一个新的系统建造工程。

Repeatable Level
可重复层

A team or organization at this level uses planning techniques, gathers requirements in a systematic fashion, utilizes software quality assurance techniques, and follows a patterned approach on each subsequent effort.
处于这层的团队和组织通常使用编制计划技术，收集体系模式的需求，使用软件质量保证技术，并在后来的开发中使用模式化的方法。

Defined Level
被定义层

A team or organization at this level follows defined methodological steps, uses process improvement techniques to enhance the methodological approach, conducts regular training programs, views the entire systems development process from an integration perspective, and utilizes more disciplined information engineering and structured development techniques.
处于这层的团队和组织使用定义好的方法步骤，使用改进过程的技术来提高方法，管理有序的练习程序，从综合的观点看待整个系统开发过程，使用更加严格的信息工程和结构化开发技术。

Managed Level
被管理层

A team or organization at this level actually captures and utilizes software development metrics for future estimation and process analysis purposes. In addition, some of concepts of Total Quality Management (TQM) are employed to reinforce the effectiveness of the entire development process.
处于这层的团队和组织通常为将来的评估和过程分析捕获并使用软件开发度量。另外，整体质量管理的一些概念也被使用来增加整个开发过程的效力。

Optimized Level
优化层

A team or organization at this level utilizes continuous organizational change management techniques to optimize its own operations (as well as the company's), emphasizes defect prevention rather than defect detection, and constantly seeks technological innovation opportunities.
处于这层的团队和组织使用持续的有组织的变化管理技术来优化他们的操作，强调避免错误而不是发现错误，并经常寻求技术革新的机会。

Project Team Experience
项目团队的经验

Even within organizations with high success rates, one factor which never changes on each new effort is the amount of experience possessed by the chosen project team members. Will the project team include a business expert? If not, will the assigned members be able to effectively comprehend and discuss the business requirements and issues in the client terminology? Having someone on the team (even if only in the initial phases) who understands the business is a
great confidence builder! It allows the analysts and designers to ask the dumb or simplistic questions to someone other than the client. This actually makes more effective use of everyone's time and it adds an subsequent level of security. In addition, it puts someone in the position of making sure that "creative thinking" stays within reasonable boundaries.

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