译:Apache Maven-简化java的构建过程--比apache …

原文: Apache Maven Simplifies the Java Build Process—Even More Than Ant
http://www.devx.com/java/Article/17204

apache maven,一个潜在的基于java的apache ant的构建工具的替代者.承诺消除维护复杂的构建脚本的争论.
这个新工具可以自动化java的构建过程.给maven一点项目的关于目录结构的信息让它来处理剩余的.所有需要的构建项目的功能已经构建到Maven中去了.换一句话说,对于一个标准的构建过程,你不必创建自定义的构建脚本.
在本文中,我将解释什么是maven和它将要解决什么问题.然后我将带你用maven自动化你自己的构建过程.作为在java中最流行的构建工具ant,此文件假设读者有对ant的基本了解.

构建过程使每天的任务自动化
作为一个程序员,花大把的时间在使其他的任务自动化,IDE自动化了我们大部分工作,但是许多开发者还是不得不使用外部工具来完成特别的任务:构建过程.构建的概念发展了多年,但是现在的构建工具只是提供了一些开发者在开发过程中开发,编译,测试和部署任务的自动化.
对于我的工作,我勉强使用多用途的

ant允许你自定义任务,它可以跨项目重用.这也许使ant成功的原因吧,但是即使有可重用的任务,你仍然要
For my work, I am grudgingly using a general-purpose, scripting language more and more with the build tool—not unlike the macro languages built into IDEs. Table 1 shows a few of the build functions that I perform daily.
Table 1. Daily Build Functions I Perform
Compile Run jikes or javac
Copy Copy resource files into the classes directory
Clean Delete the classes directory so that our next compile will be a clean compile
Delete any temporary, app-server-generated files
Recreate the classes directory
Jar Zip up a project in to a .jar file
Javadoc Generate documentation from source code
Test Use JUnit to run the project's unit tests
Deploy Copy runtime files to a staging server
Kodo Run Kodo's JDO byte-code enhancer (Kodo is a JDO implementation that post-processes class files to make them persistence-capable.)

Move Over Ant, Maven Is Here
When I first started using Ant to automate the above-mentioned tasks, it was a big timesaver. Especially once I learned to use and create custom Ant Tasks. But that was for individual, fairly simple projects. I now use Ant to automate build tasks for multiple, complex projects. A considerable part of my day is spent creating and maintaining complex Ant scripts. Over time, maintaining these scripts became a major thorn in my side.

Specifically, the following Ant limitations led me to start looking for a new build tool:
Cross-project reuse. My 10 Ant build scripts are mostly the same. So I started looking for code reuse features in Ant. As it turns out, Ant has no convenient way to reuse targets across projects. Copy-and-paste is the only choice.
Cross-developer reuse. Most of my Ant scripts are complex but not particularly unique to my project. In other words, since most of my build scripts perform the same functions as other people's build scripts, why should I have to create a build script at all—other than for project-specific functionality?
Logic and looping. As mentioned previously, I now use Ant for general-purpose scripting. Therefore, I need general-purpose scripting features, like conditional logic, looping constructs, and reuse mechanisms. Ant was never meant to be a general-purpose scripting tool, however. As such, although possible via the Script Task or a custom Task, adding conditional logic and looping to the Ant build process is awkward.

To be fair, Ant does allow you to create custom Tasks, which are reusable across projects. These are a great help and probably are the reason for Ant's success. However, even with reusable Tasks, you still end up with numerous, mostly redundant Targets in each project. If your objective is to simplify or eliminate the build script, you need something more. You need reusable Target Libraries. That's where Maven comes in.

Maven addresses these issues. With this new tool, targets (which Maven calls goals) are reusable (See the sidebar "Maven Term and Concept Summary" for a complete listing of Maven terminology.). In fact, for the most common tasks, Maven has already created the goals. This means you don't have to create them yourself. For simple projects, you may not need a build file at all. (See the sidebar "Maven Versus Ant" for a comparative analysis of Ant and Maven.)

Maven POM = Goals Achieved
To achieve its magic, Maven uses a Project Object Model (POM), which describes a project in the form of an XML file, project.xml. Specifically, it describes the project's directory structure, its jar file dependencies, and some of its project management details. Think of the POM as project meta-data. Once you describe your project to Maven by creating the POM, you can invoke any of Maven's built-in goals (remember, a goal is like an Ant target).

The following sections demonstrate Maven. They walk you step by step through creating a simple project and invoking some of the Maven-provided goals.


安装Maven
1.下载,安装 http://maven.apache.org/start/download.html

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