ansible 笔记
2020-03-09 16:01:12来源:博客园 阅读 ()
ansible 笔记
最近学了ansible视频几节课,全部跟着操作了一遍。操作一遍就能记熟了吗?
不! 不能! 所以,需要将笔记保存下来,以备后查。
############### Ansible中文权威指南 http://www.ansible.com.cn/ ######## # 一般实验环境 # 192.168.52.6 # 192.168.52.7 # 192.168.52.8 # 192.168.52.9 wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/x86_64/Packages/e/epel-release-7-12.noarch.rpm rpm -Uvh epel-release-7-12.noarch.rpm yum info ansible yum install -y ansible rpm -ql ansible |less file /usr/bin/ansible # /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg 主配置文件(几乎不必修改) # /etc/ansible/hosts 主机列表(管理对象) # /etc/ansible/roles 角色 # hosts文件示例: [vm] 192.168.52.[7:9] #cent7[b:d] [appsvrs] 192.168.52.7 192.168.52.8 [dbsvrs] 192.168.52.9 192.168.52.7
上面是基本信息,下面是一些基本命令
# ssh ansible all -m ping -k # all 则操作hosts中所有主机 # -u 指定用户名,无此参数则默认当前用户 # -k 需要密码认 # 可以使用SSH认证后不必再用 -k ssh-keygen ssh-copy-id 192.168.52.7 ssh-copy-id 192.168.52.8 ssh-copy-id 192.168.52.9 ansible all -m ping ansible-doc -s ping # 获取ping 模块简要帮助 ansible-doc -F |grep zabbix ansible all --list # 列出所有主机 ansible dbsvrs --list # 列出所有主机
常见模块使用
## ping 模块 ansible 192.168.* -m ping # 操作hosts中所有192.168开头主机 ansible appsvrs:dbsvrs -m ping # or ansible 'appsvrs:&dbsvrs' -m ping # and ## command 模块 ansible-doc command ansible all -a 'df -h' ansible all -a 'ls /opt' ansible all -a 'removes=/opt/1.txt cat /opt/1.txt' # 不存在则不执行 ansible dbservers -a 'removes=/data/mariadb ls -l /data' ansible all -a 'creates=/opt/1.txt cat /opt/1.txt' # 存在则不执行 ansible dbservers -a 'creates=/data/mariadb ls -l /data' ansible all -a 'chdir=/home ls' ## shell 模块 ansible all -m shell -a 'echo $HOSTNAME' # 例:关闭selinux ansible all -a 'ls -l /etc/selinux/' ansible all -m copy -a 'src=/root/config dest=/etc/selinux/config backup=yes' # 本机文件到远程 ansible all -a 'cat /etc/selinux/config' ansible all -m shell -a 'rm -f /etc/selinux/config.*' # 删除备份 ansible all -m shell -a 'reboot' ansible all -m shell -a 'last reboot' ansible all -a 'getenforce' ansible all -m shell -a 'useradd mongodb' ansible all -m shell -a 'passwd mongodb' ## script 模块 ansible all -m script -a '/root/h.sh' ## copy 复制当前目录某文件到远程 ansible all -m copy -a 'src=./h.sh dest=/root/ mode=000 owner=mongodb' ansible all -a 'ls -l /root/' ansible all -a 'cat /root/h.sh' # 直接向远程目录写文件 ansible all -m copy -a 'content="#!/bin/bash\nntpdate cn.pool.ntp.org" dest=/root/f2.sh mode=644 owner=mongodb' ansible all -a 'cat /root/f2.sh' ## fetch 抓取远程文件 ansible all -m shell -a 'tar Jcf /tmp/log.tar.xz /var/log/*.log' ansible all -m fetch -a 'src=/tmp/log.tar.xz dest=/opt' yum install -y tree tree /opt tar tvf /opt/192.168.52.7/tmp/log.tar.xz ## file 模块 ansible all -m file -a 'state=directory mkdir /test' # 创建目录 ansible all -m file -a 'name=/test/tmp state=directory' ansible all -m file -a 'name=/tt/tmp/123 state=directory' ansible all -m file -a 'path=/test/f3 state=touch' # 创建空文件 ansible all -m file -a 'name=/test/f3 state=absent' # 删除文件 ansible all -m file -a 'name=/tt/ state=absent' # 删除目录(包括子目录和文件) ansible all -m file -a 'src=/etc/passwd dest=/test/pwd.lmk state=link' # 创建软链接 ansible all -a 'ls -l /test' ## hostname 模块 ansible 192.168.52.7 -m hostname -a 'name=cent7b' ## cron 模块 ansible all -m cron -a 'minute=* weekday=1,3,5 job="/usr/bin/wall FBI warning" name=warn' # new ansible all -m cron -a 'disabled=true job="/usr/bin/wall FBI warning" name=warn' # disabled ansible all -m cron -a 'disabled=yes job="/usr/bin/wall FBI warning" name=warn' # disabled ansible all -m cron -a 'disabled=Y job="/usr/bin/wall FBI warning" name=warn' # disabled ansible all -m cron -a 'disabled=no job="/usr/bin/wall FBI warning" name=warn' # enabled ansible all -m cron -a 'disabled=false job="/usr/bin/wall FBI warning" name=warn' # enabled ansible all -m cron -a 'state=absent job="/usr/bin/wall FBI warning" name=warn' # delete ## yum 模块 ansible all -m yum -a 'name=tree state=latest' ansible all -m yum -a 'name=tree,vim,ntp state=present' # 安装 ansible all -m yum -a 'name=tree state=absent' # 删除 ansible all -m shell -a 'rpm -q tree' ansible all -m copy -a 'src=/root/samba-4.8.3-6.el7_6.x86_64.rpm dest=/root/' # rpm 安装 ansible all -m yum -a 'name=/root/samba-4.8.3-6.el7_6.x86_64.rpm disable_gpg_check=Y' ansible all -m yum -a 'name=lsof update_cache=yes' # 同时更新缓存 ansible all -m yum -a 'name=dstat update_cache=yes' # dstat 是监控工具 ## service 模块 ansible-doc -s service ansible all -m service -a 'name=zabbix-server state=stopped' # reloaded, restarted, started ansible all -m service -a 'name=mysqld state=restarted' ansible all -m service -a 'name=zabbix-server enabled=no' ansible all -a 'systemctl is-enabled zabbix-server' ## user 模块 ansible appsvrs -m user -a 'name=nginx shell=/sbin/nologin system=yes home=/home/nginx groups=root,bin uid=80 comment="nginx service"' ansible all -a 'getent passwd nginx' ansible appsvrs -m user -a 'name=nginx state=absent remove=yes' ansible appsvrs -m group -a 'name=nginx system=yes gid=80' # 创建组 ansible appsvrs -m group -a 'name=nginx state=absent' # 删除组 ansible all -a 'getent group nginx'
galaxy 类似于脚本库,可以下载现成的脚本作为参考 控制台则是ansible的交互界面
## ------------------------------- galaxy ------------------------------ ansible-galaxy install geerlingguy.nginx ansible-galaxy list geerlingguy.nginx ansible-galaxy list cd .ansible/roles/ cp geerlingguy.nginx/ my.nginx -rp # 创建副本 ansible-galaxy list ansible-galaxy remove geerlingguy.nginx/ # 或者直接删除 roles/下的目录 ansible-console # 控制台 # root@appsvrs(2)[f:5] # 用户@组(数量)[请求数:5] cd 192.168.52.8 # 切换主机 user name=test1 state=absent remove=yes # 删除远程用户
YAML 语法 Yet Another Markup Language
#### YAML语法:
# 单一文件中,连续三个字符(---)区分多个档案,而三个点(...)则表示档案结尾
# 次行开始写playbook内容,一般建议写功能
# 使用 # 号注释
# 缩进必须统一,不能空格与Tab混用
# 缩进级别必须一致,程序判定配置的级别是根据缩进和换行来实现
# 严格区分大小写
# k/v 的值可同行也可换行,同行使用冒号分隔(: )
# v 可以是字符串,也可以是另一个列表
# 一个完整的代码块最少需要包括 name 和 task
# 一个 name 只能包括一个 task
# YAML 扩展名为 yml 或 yaml
## List 列表,所有元素以 - 开头
---
# 一个美味水果的列表
- Apple
- Orange
- Strawberry
- Mango
## Dictionary 字典,通常用 k/v 组成
---
# 一位职工的记录
name: Elly
job: Developer
skill: Elite
playbook
## ------------------------------- playbook ----------------------------
# hello.yml
---
- hosts: appsvrs
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: hello
command: hostname
ansible-playbook hello.yml # 执行 hello.yml # ansible-vault encrypt hello.yml # 加密文件 # ansible-vault decrypt hello.yml # 解密文件 # ansible-vault view hello.yml # 查看 # ansible-vault edit hello.yml # 编辑 # ansible-vault rekey hello.yml # 换密码 # ansible-vault create h.yml # 直接创建加密的文件 ansible-playbook hello.yml --ask-vault-pass # 直接运行加密文件
playbook 操作文件示例
# file.yml
---
- hosts: dbservers
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: create new file
file: name=/data/newfile state=touch
- name: new user
user: name=test2 system=yes shell=/sbin/nologin
- name: install tree
yum: name=tree
- name: copy config
copy: src=/root/hello.yml dest=/data/
- name: copy test html
copy: src=files/test.html dest=/data/
- name: start service
service: name=squid state=restarted enabled=yes
ansible-playbook --syntax-check file.yml # not execute ansible-playbook -C file.yml # check ansible-playbook file.yml # run # src文件内容更新后,再次执行playbook,会覆盖旧文件 ansible-playbook file.yml --list-hosts # 列出主机 ansible-playbook file.yml --list-tasks # 列出任务 ansible-playbook file.yml --limit 192.168.52.8 # 限制执行 ansible-playbook file3.yml --ask-vault-pass # 涉及加密文件 # file3.yml
---
- hosts: dbservers
remote_user: root
become: yes # 改变用户
become_user: mongodb # 变成谁
become_method: sudo # playbook 时需要 -K
tasks:
- name: create new file
file: name=/data/newfile5 state=touch
- name: cp files
copy: src=file.yml dest=/data/
- name: cp test html
copy: src=files/test.html dest=/data
ansible-playbook file3.yml -K # become_user 密码
playbook 中使用Handlers 与 notify ,以及 tags
## Handlers 与 notify
# act1.yml
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install httpd pkg
yum: name=httpd
tags: insthttpd
- name: copy conf file
copy: src=httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/ backup=yes
notify:
- restart httpd
- chk httpd process
- name: start service
service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes
tags: starthttpd
handlers:
- name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=restarted
- name: chk httpd process
shell: killall -0 httpd > /tmp/httpd.log # yum install psmisc
# 执行指定的 tags 步骤 ansible-playbook -t insthttpd,starthttpd act1.yml # tags可以同名,则相同tags的动作都会被执行 ansible-playbook act2.yml -t httpd
playbook 中使用变量
#------------------------- 模块 setup 用来收集主机的系统信息 ansible vm -m setup -a 'filter=ansible_hostname' ansible vm -m setup -a 'filter=ansible_fqdn' ansible vm -m setup -a 'filter=*ipv4*' # ------------------------- 变量 --------------------------------------- # 可以命令行,playbook, role , /etc/ansible/hosts 中定义 ## 1. app.yml # 执行时传入变量
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install pkg
yum: name={{ pkname }}
- name: start service
service: name={{ pkname }} state=started enabled=yes
ansible-playbook -e 'pkname=vsftpd' app.yml # 传入 ansible-playbook -e 'pkname1=httpd pkname2=memcached' app2.yml # 多个 # ansible vm -m shell -a 'rpm -q httpd memcached ' # ansible vm -m yum -a 'name=httpd,memcached state=absent' ## 2. playbook 中定义并使用变量 app3.yml
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
vars:
- pkname1: httpd
- pkname2: vsftpd
tasks:
- name: install pkg
yum: name={{ pkname1 }}
- name: install pkg2
yum: name={{ pkname2 }}
ansible-playbook app3.yml # 无需再传入变量 ## 3. hosts文件中定义变量
[vm] 192.168.52.5 http_port=8181 # 普通变量 192.168.52.6 http_port=8080 192.168.52.7 [vm:vars] # 公共变量 nodename=www domainame=bbc.com http_port=80
# app4.yml
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: set hostname
hostname: name={{nodename}}{{http_port}}.{{domainame}}
# 变量优先级指定: 命令行 > 配置文件, 普通 > 公共 ansible-playbook -e 'nodename=web' app4.yml # 指定变量值 ansible vm -a 'hostname'
# 4. 使用系统变量 (如 setup 模块中的) testvars.yml
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: create log file
file: name=/data/{{ ansible_fqdn }}.log state=touch mode=600 owner=nginx
ansible-playbook testvars.yml # ansible_fqdn 为系统变量
# 5. 使用专门的变量文件 # vars.yml
var1: httpd
var2: vsftpd
# testvars2.yml
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
vars_files:
- vars.yml
tasks:
- name: install pkg
yum: name={{ var1 }}
- name: create files
file: name=/data/{{ var2 }}.log state=touch
ansible-playbook testvars2.yml ansible vm -m shell -a 'rpm -q httpd' ansible vm -a 'ls /data/' # ansible 管理容量在300台左右,再多,性能跟不上 # gather_facts: false
模板的使用
#------------------------- Jinja2 template ----------------------------# # template 模块只能用于playbook ansible-doc template mkdir template cp /etc/nginx/nginx.conf template/nginx.conf.j2 ansible vm -m setup |grep cpu # 得到 ansible_processor_vcpus # 修改模板文件 nginx.conf.j2 修改cpu和端口为变量
user nginx; worker_processes {{ ansible_processor_vcpus // 2 }}; ... listen {{ http_port }} default_server; listen [::]:{{http_port }} default_server; ...
# 修改脚本 testemp.yml
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install nginx
yum : name=nginx
- name: copy template
template: src=nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
notify: restart nginx
- name: start service
service: name=nginx state=started enabled=yes
handlers:
- name: restart nginx
service: name=nginx state=restarted
ansible-playbook testemp.yml # 运行并验证 ansible vm -a 'netstat -nltp' ansible vm -m shell -a 'ps -aux |grep nginx' ansible vm -a 'cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf'
tasks 中使用 when
# 在 tasks 中使用 when ------------------------------------------------ # 参考 https://www.cnblogs.com/nb-blog/p/10565658.html ansible vm -m setup -a "filter=ansible_distribution" # CentOS ansible vm -m setup -a "filter=ansible_distribution_major_version" # 7 # 再次修改 testemp.yml
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: install nginx
yum : name=nginx
- name: copy template for centos 7
template: src=nginx.conf7.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
when:
- ansible_distribution == "CentOS"
- ansible_distribution_major_version == "7"
notify: restart nginx
- name: copy template for centos 6
template: src=nginx.conf6.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "6"
notify: restart nginx
- name: start service
service: name=nginx state=started enabled=yes
handlers:
- name: restart nginx
service: name=nginx state=restarted
ansible-playbook testemp.yml # 执行并验证 注意 skipping 信息 ansible vm -a 'cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf' ansible vm -m shell -a 'ps -aux |grep nginx'
tasks 中使用 with_items 列表,以及 嵌套子变量
# 迭代 with_items 用法 testitem.yml ----------------------------------- --- - hosts: vm remote_user: root tasks: - name: create some files file: name=/data/{{ item }} state=touch with_items: - f1.txt - f2.txt - f3.txt - name: install some pkg yum: name: ['htop', 'sl', 'hping3'] # 使用嵌套子变量 testitem2.yml ---------------------------------------- --- - hosts: vm remote_user: root tasks: - name: create groups group: name={{ item }} with_items: - g1 - g2 - g3 - name: create users user: name={{ item.name }} group={{ item.gp }} with_items: - { name: 'user1', gp: 'g1' } - { name: 'user2', gp: 'g2' } - { name: 'user3', gp: 'g3' }
ansible-playbook testitem2.yml # 执行并验证 ansible vm -a 'cat /etc/group' ansible vm -a 'cat /etc/passwd'
使用 for 循环 , if 条件
### for 循环 testfor.yml --------------------------------------------
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
vars:
ports:
- 81
- 82
- 83
tasks:
- name: copy conf
template: src=for1.conf.j2 dest=/data/for1.conf
# templates/for1.conf.j2
{% for p in ports %} server{ listen {{ p }} } {% endfor %}
ansible-playbook testfor.yml # 执行并验证 ansible vm -a 'cat /data/for1.conf' ### for 循环 结合变量字典 testfor2.yml -------------------------------
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
vars:
apps:
- web1:
port: 81
name: app1
dir: /data/web1
- web2:
port: 82
name: app2
dir: /data/web2
- web3:
port: 83
name: app3
dir: /data/web3
tasks:
- name: copy conf
template: src=for2.conf.j2 dest=/data/for2.conf
# templates/for2.conf.j2
{% for p in apps %} server{ listen {{ p.port }} servername {{ p.name }} documentroot {{ p.dir }} } {% endfor %}
ansible-playbook testfor2.yml # 执行并验证 ansible vm -a 'cat /data/for2.conf' ## 使用 if 判断 testif.yml --------------------------------------------
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
vars:
apps:
- web1:
port: 81
#name: app1
dir: /data/web1
- web2:
port: 82
name: app2
dir: /data/web2
- web3:
port: 83
#name: app3
dir: /data/web3
tasks:
- name: copy conf
template: src=if.conf.j2 dest=/data/if.conf
# if.conf.j2
{% for p in apps %} server{ listen {{ p.port }} {% if p.name is defined %} servername {{ p.name }} {% endif %} documentroot {{ p.dir }} } {% endfor %}
ansible-playbook testif.yml # 执行并验证 ansible vm -a 'cat /data/if.conf'
### 插播一些 centos 有趣的命令: ---------------------------------------
cal # 当前月 cal -3 三个月
sl # 跑火车 -F -l -a
linux_logo # -L list
echo 'dog' |boxes -d dog # yum install boxes
curl http://wttr.in # 天气
#---------------------------------- end --------------------------------
roles
### roles 用于层次性,结构化地组织 playbook -------------------------- # 能够根据层次型结构自动装载变量文件、tasks以及handlers等。 # 在playbook中使用include指令。 # 用于复杂场景,代码复用度高。 # 一般用于基于主机构建服务场景,也可用于构建守护进程场景中。 mkdir roles/{httpd,mysql,memcached,nginx} -pv # ansible vm -m shell -a 'userdel -r nginx' cd nginx mkdir tasks templates # 以nginx 为例,tree 结构如下: ├── nginx_roles.yml └── roles ├── httpd ├── memcached ├── mysql └── nginx ├── tasks │ ├── group.yml │ ├── main.yml │ ├── restart.yml │ ├── start.yml │ ├── temp.yml │ ├── user.yml │ └── yum.yml └── templates └── nginx.conf.j2
# group.yml
- name: create group
group: name=nginx gid=80
# user.yml
- name: create user
user: name=nginx uid=80 group=nginx system=yes shell=/sbin/nologin
# yum.yml
- name: install nginx
yum: name=ngin
# temp.yml
- name: copy conf
template: src=nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# start.yml
- name: start nginx
service: name=nginx state=started enabled=yes
# main.yml
- include: group.yml
- include: user.yml
- include: yum.yml
- include: temp.yml
- include: start.yml
# nginx_roles.yml
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
roles:
- role: nginx
ansible-playbook nginx_roles.yml # 执行并验证 ansible vm -a 'cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf' ansible vm -a 'ps -aux |grep nginx' # 以apache为例 -------------------------------------------------- ansible vm -m shell -a 'yum remove -y httpd' ansible vm -m user -a 'name=apache state=absent remove=yes' # tree ├── httpd_role.yml └── roles └── httpd ├── files │ └── httpd.conf ├── tasks │ ├── cpfile.yml │ ├── main.yml │ ├── yum.yml │ ├── start.yml │ └── user.yml └── templates
# main.yml
- include: user.yml
- include: yum.yml
- include: cpfile.yml
- include: start.yml
# httpd_role.yml
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
roles:
- httpd
ansible-playbook httpd_role.yml # 执行并验证
调用 多个 role 或跨项目调用 role
# some_roles.yml 调用多个 role ----------------------------------
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
roles:
- httpd
- nginx
# main.yml 跨项目调用别的role中任务
- include: roles/nginx/tasks/temp.yml
# temp.yml # 注意文件内容中使用绝对路径
- name: copy conf
template: src=/root/roles/nginx/templates/nginx.conf.j2 dest=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# tags when ---------------------------------------------
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
roles:
- { role: httpd, tags: ['web','httpd'] }
- { role: nginx, tags: ['web','nginx'], when: ansible_distribution_major_version == "7" }
- { role: app, tags: "app" }
ansible-playbook -t web some_roles.yml
来一个综合练习
### 综合练习 app ------------------------------------------------------- cd /root/roles/app mkdir tasks templates vars handlers files
# group.yml
- name: create group
group: name=app system=yes gid=123
# user.yml
- name: crt user
user: name=app system=yes shell=/sbin/nologin uid=123
# yum.yml
- name: install pkg
yum: name=httpd
# template httpd.conf.j2 包含:
Listen {{ ansible_processor_vcpus * 10 }}
User {{ username }}
Group {{ groupname }}
# vars/main.yml
username: app
groupname: app
# copy.yml
- name: copy conf
copy: src=vhost.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf.d/
# tmpl.yml
- name: copy conf
template: src=httpd.conf.j2 dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify: restart httpd
# start.yml
- name: start httpd
service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes
# handlers/main.yml
- name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=restarted
# httpd_role.yml
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
roles:
- app
# tree ├── httpd_role.yml ├── roles │ ├── app │ │ ├── files │ │ │ └── vhost.conf │ │ ├── handlers │ │ │ └── main.yml │ │ ├── tasks │ │ │ ├── copy.yml │ │ │ ├── group.yml │ │ │ ├── main.yml │ │ │ ├── start.yml │ │ │ ├── tmpl.yml │ │ │ ├── user.yml │ │ │ └── yum.yml ├── templates │ └── httpd.conf.j2 └── vars └── main.yml # 执行并验证: ansible-playbook httpd_role.yml ansible vm -m shell -a 'head /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf' ansible vm -m shell -a 'netstat -nltp' ansible vm -m shell -a 'ps -aux |grep httpd'
练习 :memcached
# memcached 安装: 根据内存大小更改配置文件 ---------------------------- # templates/memcached.j2
PORT="11211" USER="memcached" MAXCONN="1024" CACHESIZE="{{ ansible_memtotal_mb // 4 }}" OPTIONS=""
# tasks/yum.yml
- name: install memcached
yum: name=memcached
# start.yml
- name: start memcached
service: name=memcached state=started enabled=yes
# tmpl.yml
- name: copy conf
template: src=memcached.j2 dest=/etc/sysconfig/memcached
# main.yml
- include: yum.yml
- include: tmpl.yml
- include: start.yml
# memcached_role.yml
---
- hosts: vm
remote_user: root
roles:
- memcached
# 执行并验证: ansible-playbook memcached_role.yml ansible vm -m shell -a 'cat /etc/sysconfig/memcached'
原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/frx9527/p/ansible.html
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