python3使用urllib示例

2018-07-20 来源：open-open

最简单的例子

import urllib.request
with urllib.request.urlopen('http://python.org/') as response:
   html = response.read()

取回一个资源并临时保存

import urllib.request
local_filename, headers = urllib.request.urlretrieve('http://python.org/')
html = open(local_filename)

使用Request对象http://www.douban.com/

import urllib.request

req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.voidspace.org.uk')
with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:
   the_page = response.read()

使用POST方法发送数据, 数据需要先经过编码

import urllib.parse
import urllib.request

url = 'http://www.someserver.com/cgi-bin/register.cgi'
values = {'name' : 'Michael Foord',
          'location' : 'Northampton',
          'language' : 'Python' }

data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)
data = data.encode('ascii') # data should be bytes
req = urllib.request.Request(url, data)
with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:
   the_page = response.read()

使用GET方法发送数据, 数据需先经过编码

>>> import urllib.request
>>> import urllib.parse
>>> data = {}
>>> data['name'] = 'Somebody Here'
>>> data['location'] = 'Northampton'
>>> data['language'] = 'Python'
>>> url_values = urllib.parse.urlencode(data)
>>> print(url_values)  # The order may differ from below.  
name=Somebody+Here&language=Python&location=Northampton
>>> url = 'http://www.example.com/example.cgi'
>>> full_url = url + '?' + url_values
>>> data = urllib.request.urlopen(full_url)

添加HTTP header, 指定user-agent

import urllib.parse
import urllib.request

url = 'http://www.someserver.com/cgi-bin/register.cgi'

user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64)'
headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }

values = {'name' : 'Michael Foord',
          'location' : 'Northampton',
          'language' : 'Python' }
data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)
data = data.encode('ascii')

req = urllib.request.Request(url, data, headers)
with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:
   the_page = response.read()

处理异常

>>> req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.pretend_server.org')
>>> try: urllib.request.urlopen(req)
... except urllib.error.URLError as e:
...    print(e.reason)      
...
(4, 'getaddrinfo failed')

>>> req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.python.org/fish.html')
>>> try:
...     urllib.request.urlopen(req)
... except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
...     print(e.code)
...     print(e.read())  
...
404
b'<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">\n\n\n<html
  ...
  <title>Page Not Found</title>\n
  ...

参考
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